The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day.[24] These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.[26]
Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids. With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a Turco-Circassian military caste, took control about AD 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies.] They continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The mid-14th-century Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population]
After the 15th century, the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian
system into decline. The defensive militarization damaged its civil
society and economic institutions.
The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of
plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders
took over their tradeEgypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731. The 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.
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